Evaluative Rhtorical Mode Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluative Rhtorical Mode - Essay Example Even if a person who is not a fan of the sport can access the website and find helpful information if they just want to learn about the Championship, or if they are interested in becoming a fan themselves. This particular website excels in meeting its purpose. It is informative on the Championship, providing visitors with anything they could possibly want to know about the Ultimate Fighting Championship. While it is very fan-friendly, it is also appealing to people who are just curious about the Championship and are seeking basic information. The website contains a plethora of facts and details that cover every aspect of the sporting event. The strong amount of information provided on the webpage makes it simple for the website to reach its purpose. However, there is a slight problem in tracking down certain information due to how cluttered the website feels, especially to people who access the site for the first time. The aforementioned is one of two problems with the format of the webpage. The first issue, as previously noted, is that the homepage of the website is a cluttered mess of facts and information. While the sections are split up so that they do not mix with unrelated sections, there is simply too much information on the front page. Even with separately headed sections, there is a lot to take in, which can be confusing for people that are not used to the website. The homepage contains what equates to a summary of the entire website, and it is too much is a rather small space. While this layout can be good for gleaning a lot of information at a single time, it can appear to be a jumbled mess to someone who is not used to the page. The second problem with the website is a difficulty in navigating the page. Besides the main navigation bar at the top of the page, there are other links throughout the rest of the page. In most cases, clicking one link will take the visitor to another page with even more links, and a link from that page will just continue t he trek to another page full of other links. There is a search bar at the top that allows visitors to type in something specific, and most of the links are detailed enough for a visitor to know what they are looking for, but the navigation between additional links gets to be too confusing. The only changes that the website should see is in regard to the layout of the homepage and the navigation throughout the entire site. The homepage needs to contain less information so as to not overwhelm visitors, especially the ones that are new to the site or are only visiting to obtain a few quick facts. The homepage should only consist of some brief information about the Ultimate Fighting Championship, such as the history and what it is, and perhaps an events schedule. There should also be a section containing links to the other most important aspects of the page, such as those previously mentioned. If a person finds it hard to work their way around the homepage of a website, they may not fee l that it is worth it to explore the rest of the website. Similarly, the links need to be fixed up so that there are fewer of them. Each webpage in the site should be designated to a specific part of the Ultimate Fighting Championship so that visitors do not have to keep jumping from page to page looking for a specific piece of information.

7 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

7 questions - Essay Example In question 2, Jasmine can disaffirm the earrings, tickets to a concert and down payment for the used car due to her age. The case would not be any different if the items were used or she waited for a period of one month before returning them as long as the time agreed on the contract did not elapse. For instance, she could return the tickets to the concert after the one month provided that they had not expired. In question 3, the contract can be ratified through Jasmine writing or starting to confirm that she intends to be bound by the terms of the contract. Moreover, the action of her continuing to make the monthly payments can be termed as ratification of the contract. Her mother would be liable for the contract if Jasmine fails to adhere to its terms and the court proves that she failed to supervise her daughter properly; a factor that caused her to expose others to unreasonable risk of harm. In 4 (a), the contract is not enforceable because it exceeds the legal maximum interest rates which are set to facilitate business transactions while keeping the economy healthy. In 4 (b), in most States gambling is illegal because it might run afoul some applicable criminal laws hence any contract involving it is unenforceable. This factor renders the purchase of the slot machine to be used for gambling unenforceable. In 4 (c), the contract is enforceable because it involves revenue generation but the contractor would be expected to pay fine for working without a license. In 4 (d), the contract is unenforceable because it compromises the safety standards that are set to protect the health of the users. In question 5, Alex can make use of the substantive unconscionability as a legal defense in arguing that the contract with his former employer provided unfair benefits. He would term the contract to have had prevented achievement of equal benefits for both him and his former employer. In question 6, exculpatory clause is a legal provision that releases

Max Weber Bureaucracy Essay

Max Weber Bureaucracy Essay Max Weber, known as the father of organization theory, founded the bureaucratic centralization theory. Despite of the study on this issue made by others prior to him, the theory did not pronounce its existence as a systematic one until Web. This theory advocated bureaucratic organization and many people considered it is a most ideal structure with industrialization. As a traditionally organizational mode suited for industrializing society, bureaucracy could exist reasonably. But along with the development of modern society, its drawback has been exposed day by day. Research (Turner Factor, 2009) showed that the rational official system could not have an active response to the post-industrial society because of its abuses since 1970s. Consequently, most western advanced countries started the administration reform against the officialism. It is time to reform bureaucratic system and modern people nowadays pay more and more attention to explore and solve these major issues and select t he essence of new management to develop our administration. Bureaucratic management thoughts Max Weber is a famous sociologist, political economist and the founder of the bureaucratic centralization theory. Webers bureaucratic organization theory has profound influence on the entire western society and even the world since it birth (Turner, 1993). Webers bureaucratic centralization theory is one of the biggest impact theories throughout the 20th century. It can be say that webs bureaucratic centralization theory is a milestone in the history of organizational theory that it marked the classical theory become mature and perfect. However, in the period of Webers, there are apparent split between Germanys economic structure and the political and social value system that the economic structure could be easily controlled by industrial system and bureaucratic rule. In the meanwhile, culture value system and political structure is still influenced by traditional semi-feudal society values and bureaucratic conservatism. Web profoundly realize that the characteristic and defects of t his system and analyzed thoroughly about the reason of features and defects, thus he put forward the bureaucratic centralization theory (Kasler, 1989). Weber gave an extremely high praises to modern bureaucracy, he thought the emergence of modern capitalism is inseparable with the bureaucracy although entrepreneurs possess means of production. Market freedom, rational technical, predictable legal, free labor and commercial of capitalist is also the necessary condition of existence and development of capitalist. If people want to optimum use of the industrial organization of capitalism forms they must rely on the predictable judgment and management (Weber, 1978). From 1960s, along with the rapid development of bureaucratic organization, scholars of western management, social field and even political field make a great criticism and rethinking of these bureaucratic organization. Since 1980s, in the most typical bureaucracy of public management field, from Britain to the United States, from Australia to New Zealand, it launched a global reform movement called the new public manage movement. In the business world, there is a powerful sound that government or enterprises must abandon bureaucracy since the emergence of a new management mode, for example, humanized management, network organization, virtual organization and learning organization. Bureaucratic in modern management Since the 18th century, bureaucratic has achieved great success in western society that the formal rationality and technical design are fit for their society. However, in contemporary developed countries they all entered the post-industrial society and the bureaucracy emergence several different degrees of ills on in or outside adapt. Because of its own defects and the development of the change modern social environment, the organization mode of the bureaucracy is also facing a crisis and the bureaucratic organization also exist some disadvantages. First, bureaucratic organizations rigid and closed. Bureaucracy organization use hierarchy temperance type of organization form to maintain the authority of organization, use the scale and level of organization to reflect the superiority of bureaucratic organization, therefore, it leads unrestricted expansion of the organizations size (Andreski, 2010). As Weber said people will hold their position and use their deliberate to climb the peak of bureaucracy hierarchy. But at the peak it inevitably at least has a kind of not purely factors of bureaucratic system. Meanwhile, the technical and mysteriousness of bureaucratic organization make it become a closed system that separated from the social environment (Downs, 1967). So bureaucratic organization became lack of flexibility, more and more inflexible and can not adapt to the rapid development of the information society changes thus it showed overall non efficiency. Second, bureaucracy advocated impersonal, rationalized and institutionalized spirit that hampered personal growth and personal mature, in a certain extent it influence the efficiency of the unity and organizational members (Levin Sanger, 1994). The worker of bureaucracy only do things routine nature, they will lose their affection and finally become a person that has no spiritual experts and no emotion enjoyment. Individuals freedom is encroached by technological advances and organizational goals, peoples personality and passion will be depressive, the mans work has become increasingly meaningless and no humanized. Third, the inverted of purpose and means make former rationality enter the erroneous zone. Organization rule and program is mean to achieve organizations efficiency and means. But because the ego inflation of bureaucracy organization and the pursuit of their own interests make the purpose and means of bureaucracy organization inverted. Bureaucracy constantly improves its method for achieving its objectives and means increasingly become the purposes of management. Forth, from the practical perspective analysis, bureaucracy led to widespread bureaucratize and corruption problem. Personal become a part of machine and any flexible behavior is not allowed in the hierarchy principle of machine built by organization division and differentiation. This will inevitably leads to the bureaucratic disease such as egotistical socialist and red-tape, bureaucracy will be fully development but the problem of bureaucracy will be more and more serious. Especially when people analysis the theory of Max Weber and bureaucratic centralization theory people will find some problems that many bureaucrats abuse public power and abuse power for their own interests even though these theory reflect strict rationality and science technology center of socialism, so that in the world most countries suffered bureaucratize and corruption problem when they practice bureaucracy (Morgan, 2010). As that point, people can say that bureaucratic organization is the breeding the hotbe d of bureaucracy and corruption. The more influential theory the more question will come from all parties. A cosmopolitan theory must undergo repeated criticism and temper. Webers bureaucracy born with the noise of great industrial machine and it made a brilliant influence on industrial age. Bureaucratic organization appeared various problems in actual operation performance and most people put blame eye to Webers theory. Meanwhile many people thought bureaucratic organization will be ended at 1950s or 1960s (Bennis, 2009), but the life of bureaucratic organization still not over. If people can observe and study cautiously, they will find an interesting fact that those so-called alternative bureaucracy things, whether new theory or practical mode, not only abandon away bureaucracy but also perfect repair the bureaucracy. But there are some academic theories that do not direct conflict with bureaucracy corroded quietly with foundation of bureaucracy (Andreski, 2008). In a practice management, the new public management reform of government field and the management revolution of enterprise management have no fundamentally impact on bureaucracy. On the contrary, these reforms basically focus on improve performance, reduce cost and use rational method and without a reform is focus on negative the level of division, reduce rational factors and against professional skills. However, since 1960s, the new reform of bureaucracy as it is for swab machine dirt, remove the machine sundry, polishing, tighten parts and add some oil that make machine appear shining. So human b eings can say because the Webers bureaucracy, people established a research organization and unprecedented paradigm of management. Future management after Webers is actually perfect, enrich and development this bureaucracy paradigm. So far, the new organization theory although had some breakthrough bureaucracy paradigm, but is still cannot become a new paradigm to alternative Webers. Furthermore, those reform practices who try to abandon the bureaucracy have become new branches of this paradigm and those critical theories of bureaucracy are added Webers theory on advocate rationality (Wood Watermn, 1994). So bureaucracy paradigm of Webers is still dominated the whole world. Conclusion Weber introduced bureaucracy to emphasize rule, ability and knowledge, which in fact offered an efficient and rational administrative system to society. An ideal administrative organization should be based on rationality-legal rights. The more it reduced the personal, irrational and unpredictable factors, the more it developed in Webers view. Although the polity, economy and culture of modern society has changed a lot compared the Webers age, but the basic idea of his age still applies to todays organization. Certainly, bureaucratic organization is still cannot easily replace of organization in the management of government department, large social group and enterprise (Rosenbloom, 1995). However, people must be fully aware that the bureaucracy that developed on the industrial age already exist many problems and it becomes overstaffed, severe waste and low efficiency. Therefore, people must reform part of bureaucratic system, such as fully exert government officials subjective and ada ptability, decentralized governments power, pay a more attention to rationality, train rational spirit, play the advantage of bureaucracy technology, form a organization concept that respect knowledge and talent, establish a cheap and efficient government organization.

Benefits Of Early Retirement :: essays research papers

Benefits of Early Retirement Early retirement is not such a bad idea, but only if itÕs affordable. Today, people who begin this process feel confident that they can live out the rest of their lives comfortably. Still being young enough to enjoy what is earned is another good reason why someone might want to advance into retirement. Also, having good health is another popular reason why it is a good idea to retire early. After working hard, one should reward them self by enjoying what they have worked for. Either off benefits or money allocated throughout the working years, these retirees enjoy what they worked for. Not only do they feel relaxation and enjoyment, retiring early also gives them a sense of accomplishment. Purchasing previously desired land or traveling to a country never visited before are just some examples in which early retirees enjoy the money that was saved. Since the assets are all earned, spending this bonus makes one feel proud for what they worked for and that the working years didnÕt seem like a waste. Something simple such as being young can make someone retire early. Retiring early just for being young also has their advantages. This way, the retiree can explore more areas and get to stay longer because they have more years to enjoy than an ordinary retiree. Also, when someone gets older their health slowly diminish and their ambition to go out and travel also vanishes. Finally, having good health while retired pays off. One would tend to enjoy retirement more if their health were in decent shape. Irritating injuries and irksome illnesses certainly keep the retiree limited while being retired. Ambition to travel and going out and doing things lowers when the health is low.

Metallography Essay

Aims * To obtain experience in the metallographic readying of metallic specimens. * To detect the assorted microstructures in a welded mild steel articulation. Consequences Overview of 5 different microstructures in welded steel Detail microstructures of 5 different zones Discussion and analysis of consequences * The heat affected zone is a composing of parent metal which was heated to a high adequate temperature for a sufficient period but doesn’t thaws so that grain growing occurred. The heat affected zone is besides the part whose mechanical belongingss and microstructure have been altered due to the heat of welding. The heat affected zone undergoes sudden warming followed by rapid chilling. thereby incorporating a series of microstructures. These microstructures within the heat affected zone are fundamentally categorized into three different zones. viz. the grain growing zone. grain polish zone and passage zone. * * The merger zone exists between the grain growing zones. The parent metal in this zone was heated to the thaw point followed by chilling procedure. * The grain growing zone is right adjacent to the merger zone. The parent metal has been heated to a temperature good above the upper critical temperature in this zone. Subsequently. this consequences in the grain growing or coarsening of the construction. Coarse ferrite grains. Widmanstatten ferrite and pearlite are found in this part. * The grain polish zone is following to the grain growing zone. The parent metal has been heated to a temperature which is merely above the upper critical temperature in this zone. where grain polish is finished. ensuing in the being of the finest grain construction. Owing to the comparatively lower temperature. the ferrite and pearlite. which are represented by the white and dark countries severally are both much finer. This shows complete recrystallization. * the passage zone is the part where the metal experienced warming procedure at a temperature scope where partial allotropic recrystallization takes topographic point. This consequences in the coexistence of both ferrite and austenite. thereby doing the transmutation of most pearlite to austenite and by subsequent chilling. pearlite is reformed. * The unaffected zone is the part beyond the heat affected zone where the parent metal that is non sufficiently heated to alter its microstructure. Decision * Under microscopic position. typical zones in the parent metal are found. The alone microstructures in assorted parts are created because during the welding procedure. the parent metal and the dyer's rocket are subjected to different grade of heat intervention. * The difference of warming and chilling procedure every bit good allows the typical zones in the metal to hold their specific order of agreement.

Marketing plan of Himalaya shampoo Essay

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY While providing verities in product, company have to focus mainly on pricing. In India there are customers with variety of spending capacity on a particular product, but most of them will focus on economic mid range product. In Indian shampoo market there is huge scale of pricing as well as quality. While confirming final selling price of Himalaya shampoo, we have to consider the pricing of contenders. Because if we sell it on high price most of customers will not dare to try an expensive shampoo first time, they will choose their usual one. On other hand if we sell it on very low price, they will definitely think that this product is not good in quality & they should not buy it. For very good results, we have to maintain our price with competitors & attract customers. Other additional offers like buy one get one free, free sample distribution, additional in quantity; selling combos  in affordable price will help to attract more & more customers. INTRODUCTION AIM – SALES GOALS Making a benefit is the most critical some may say the main target of a business. Benefit measures victory. It might be characterized basically: Incomes – Overheads = Benefit. PROSPECT GOALS Individual offering capacities as a vital segment inside an organization’s bigger reconciled showcasing interchanges technique. Client deals are the soul of a business, helping straightforwardly to the organization’s end result. When bringing a deal to a close or starting special exercises, associations should first comprehend the necessities, needs, and propensities of their intended interest group. SCOPE The section, at around Rs 4,000 crore as of January 2012 (according to Nielsen information) is developing by over 18 for every penny yearly. Furthermore rivalry for an allotment of this pie is compelling. Shampoos likewise delight in one of the most noteworthy infiltration levels (around 80-85 for every penny) crosswise over item classes in India, making it essential for brands to continue advancing to stay ahead (Portion and principle, 2012). BACKROUND – The Himalaya herbal company has been manufacturing different types of natural personal care segment since 1999 to creating efficient simple life for human beings. . The key factor of company is that, they are helping people to realize importance of herbal & natural product for their personal care needs. Companies’ natural & herbal personal care products are very distinguished than other synthetic chemical personal care products in different manners. CURRENT SITUATION ANALYSIS INTERNAL ANALYSIS MISSION Himalaya’s mission is to make home grown wellness a piece of each home. We need to be the most trusted organization in experimental natural human services and most respected for our morals, qualities and duty to  manageability. Build Himalaya as a science-based, critical thinking, head-to-heel brand, outfit from nature’s fortune and portrayed by trust and sound lives. RESOURCES HUMAN RESOURCES To contract the fitting employee for open positions in your organization, we must utilize a few levels of profiling. We’ll make a profile of the employment obligations and additionally the normal experience and aptitudes you’ll require from a representative. Throughout the enrolling procedure, We’ll incorporate profiling perspectives from competitors through their provisions, resumes and the particular meetings. FINANCIAL Finance figure out the capability for the business to attain the procurements of the business proposal. On account of a created business this involves an evaluation of the present budgetary status of the business incorporating bargains, misfortunes and speculations. The arrangement might as well likewise rough the monetary necessities of the business and the sources to acquire the accounts. INFRASTRUCTURE & EQUIPMENTS The foundation regarding structures and the layout is key for boost up marketable strategy. Moreover, the gear needed in the business for instance, gadgets for the work force. For a created business, the arrangement might as well portray what supplies necessities redesigning or trade to accomplish the arrangement’s goals. OFFERING The disclosure set what’s to come course for Himalaya. It offers the opportunity of the quality of exploratory exploration. It likewise taught the vitality of persistence, ardour and tirelessness. Company have kept tabs on changing over Ayurveda’s home grown custom into a reach of restrictive plans devoted to sound living and life span. Shampoo is basic day to day use product which is almost preferred by most of people. This people will have their own expectations by using any particular shampoo brand. To fulfil this requirements ‘Himalaya’ shampoo have to highlight that offering shampoo products with different purposes like anti-dandruff, soothing &  moisturising, volume & bounce, anti-hair fall, extra moisturizing with proteins, gentle daily care, softness & shine. BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS Business relations will be relations between stakeholders in the business procedure, for example, management worker, the employer/employee and business accomplice, employer/employee-outsourced representative relations, and so on. Note the significant provision that cost alone is not the main attention. Short survey of dispersion force issues: EXTERNAL ANALYSIS (external environmental factors) POLITICAL COMPONENTS How and what degree an administration mediates in the economy. Particularly, political elements incorporate ranges, for example, charge arrangement, labour law, ecological law, exchange limitations, duties, and political strength. Political variables might likewise incorporate merchandise and administrations which the administration needs to give or be given and those that the legislature would not like to be furnished. Moreover, governments have extraordinary impact on the health, training, and base of a country. ECONOMIC COMPONENTS Incorporate financial development, investment rates, trade rates and the expansion rate. These elements have significant effects on how organizations work and settle on choices. Case in point, investment rates influence an association’s expense of capital and subsequently to what degree a business develops and grows. Trade rates influence the expenses of trading products and the supply and cost of foreign made merchandise in an economy SOCIAL FACTORS Variables incorporate the social angles and incorporate health cognizance, populace development rate, age dispersion, vocation mentality and accentuation on wellbeing. Drifts in social components influence the interest for an organization’s items and how that organization works. Case in point, an ageing populace may suggest a more diminutive and less-willing workforce . Moreover, organizations may change different administration systems to adjust to these social patterns. TECHNOLOGYCAL FACTORS Innovative components incorporate natural and ecological viewpoints, for example, R&d action, robotization, engineering motivations and the rate of mechanical change. They can figure out restraints to section, least productive creation level and impact outsourcing choices. Moreover, mechanical movements can influence expenses, quality, and lead to development. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Natural variables incorporate climate, atmosphere, and environmental change, which might particularly influence commercial ventures, for example, tourism, cultivating, and insurance.furthermore, developing consciousness to environmental change is influencing how organizations work and the items they offer- -it is both making new markets and lessening or crushing existing ones. LEGAL FACTORS Legitimate elements incorporate segregation law, shopper law, antitrust law, livelihood law, and health and wellbeing law. These components can influence how an organization works, its expenses, and the interest for its items. MARKET ANALYSIS Size of Indian shampoo market is 3098 Cr. With 16% of growth every year(Pareek, 2013). Hair care items like oil, hair cream and cleanser have been the quickest developing fragment of the individual consideration advertise in India. Because of growing of working class pay bunch populace, the business size of items. The span of the cleanser business sector is assessed at over Rs 25 Bn comparing to about 60,000 to 70,T000 tonne of the material. Interest of cleanser was 7000 tons in 1995-96, 21000 in 2000-01 and 33000 in 2005-06. Cleanser infiltration is evaluated now roughly more than 60% populace and anticipated that will sail 100 percent in nearing years while it was just 18% in 1995-96 and was concentrated to urban territories just (halalshampoo, 2010). MARKET TREND Products readied by the concoction business till date, have been less significantly synchronized inside India than in European case and quickly no Asian figure proposes biological worth seals or documentation. Provincial  supporters are bit by bit requesting â€Å"green† way out. In this, free conviction is forward of organization plus industry methodology. Likewise, bargains for the strength chemicals section are mounting quite quickly, fixated as an after effect of emphasis energetic about â€Å"green† high-execution items. A short specify of the way that provincial India makes up shut three-fourths of India’s populace and 51% of the sum disposable wage is sufficient to discover that this business holds a lot of potential. COMPETATIVE SITUATIONS The vast majority of the organizations have seen just a marginal plunge in edges in the previous two a long time notwithstanding the steep merchandise expansion, as they were ready to take value climbs without much safety. The key danger to edges can hail from increased rivalry from a profound pocketed player needing to increase market offer. In the previous 10 years we have seen substantial classifications like cleansers, cleansers and biscuits seeing sharp plunges in edges because of climbing intense force. CUSTOMERS NEEDS The main thing they had was the information of nature, accumulated in the ayurveda. With the art of Ayurveda’s, a few herbs and verdures were utilized to make ayurvedic makeup that truly met expectations. Ayurvedic beautifiers not just enhanced the skin yet went about as the shield against any sort of outside influences for the figure. Ayurvedic products otherwise called the natural have the same respectable holdings in the up to date period too. There is a wide extent of the natural beautifiers that are made and normally utilized for every day purposes. Natural beautifying agents like grown like Himalaya shampoos. SWOT ANALYSIS Hair & Care Parent Company Himalaya Category Personal Care brands- Herbal Shampoo Sector FMCG USP Multiuse herbal shampoo STP Segment Mid-priced herbal shampoo Target Group Middle class segment Positioning Hair & Care offers the potent nourishment of Herbal ingredients that reduce hairfall & moisturize SWOT Analysis Strength – Gained reputation as made out of Natural extracts – Strong brand value of Himalaya – Has user-friendly herbal nature – High quality of the product – Excellent distribution of Himalaya ensures availability Weakness – Market share is limited due to presence of strong competition – More emphasis needs to be put on increasing reach of product Opportunity – Can also launch shampoo and conditioner of same brand – Huge market potential – Launch Variety for overall members of family. Threats – Plenty of competitors – Almost no differentiation – Conditioners +shampoo mix might replace hair shampoo TARGET MARKET SELECTION & POSITIONING STRATERGY Market division is the division of the aggregate business sector into more diminutive, moderately homogeneous assemblies. It is important to portion or group the different individuals or foundations so as to recognize those with sufficient obtaining force, power, and eagerness to purchase. There are no gender orientation restraints regarding the showcasing of their item. Guys and females much the same are given items that will engage their contrasting styles and tastes. POSITIONING Items positioning alludes to ‘the client recognition of the spot an item or brand involves in a given market.The positioning of the Himalaya brand is ‘get it’. the joy would just be accomplish when they get an uplifting state of mind by others, that is the reason they have to comprehend themselves to know the real things they require, Himalaya needs to be seen as brand that realize what lady feel, what they need and Himalaya are letting them know, ‘we feel what you feel’ Positioning essentials: – Positioning is the single most excellent impact on a client’s purchasing choice. – Every client assesses items in the business sector as per their mental guide of the business. – Positioning exists in clients’ personalities, not in positioning explanations. – Individuals don’t effectively or readily alter their opinions in the vicinity of an item’s positioning. – Positioning must first exhibit an item’s importance, utilizing supportable, believable, and accurate terms. – Making the item less demanding to purchase through viable positioning makes the item simpler to offer. – Getting Into the Mind of the Consumer OBJECTIVES BRAND LEVEL OBJECTIVES Eventually, brand level benefit focuses are relied upon to help the in general augmentation of the company’s benefits. Nonetheless, when a firm holds some diverse brands, distinctive advertising and dissemination arrangements may be needed for each. A few variables become possibly the most important factor in augmenting worth. Product line objectives Firms profit on the totality of items and administrations that they offer, and off and on again, benefit could be expanded by settling for little edges on some, making up on others. For instance, both producers and retailers. DISTRIBUTION OBJECTIVE A company’s dissemination targets will eventually be quite related—some will upgrade one another while others will contend. for instance, as we have talked about, additional selective and higher administration dissemination  will for the most part involve less force and lesser scope. Cost must be exchanged off against pace of conveyance and for Communication Objectives BRANDING Branding is the utilization of a name, term, image or outline to give an item a remarkable character in the commercial center. Advertisers have three significant vital choices: maker marking vs. private names; singular marking vs. family brands; and co-marking. Furthermore, they must think about if to look for trademark assurance for their brand. LOGOS Logos are a discriminating part of business showcasing. As the organization’s significant graphical representation, a logo stays an organization’s brand and turns into the absolute most obvious sign of the organization inside the target market. Therefore, a generally composed logo is a key a piece of any organization’s general advertising system.everybody has, knows the logo that runs with the name. It’s all in the acquaintanceship of: Organization Name + Logo = costumers recollecting your organization and what it is you do. VALUE PROPOSITION A quality recommendation is a guarantee of worth to be conveyed and a conviction from the client that esteem will be encountered. A quality recommendation can apply to a whole association, or parts thereof, or client records, or items or administrations. Making a worth recommendation is a piece of business methodology. System is dependent upon a separated client worth recommendation. Fulfilling clients is the wellspring of feasible worth creation. Advancing a quality suggestion is dependent upon a survey and examination of the profits, expenses and esteem that an association can convey to its clients, prospective clients, and other constituent gathers inside and outside the association. It is likewise a positioning of worth, where Esteem = Profits. MARKETING MIX STRATERGIES PRODUCT PRODUCT CONCEPT An item notion is a printed, pictorial, or ridiculed up representation and portrayal of another item. The idea gives an unit for conveying to both  customers and the improvement group the way of the new item, how it will work, the item’s characteristics and qualities, profits, purpose behind being, also what issues it will explain for the client. Contingent upon both the relative freshness of the thought and the phase of improvement, there are different organizations in which thoughts could be exhibited. Know our types of shampoos Type of Shampoo Key Features Protein Shampoo Fortified with proteins Clarifying Shampoo Used to deep clean hair and remove buildup Volumizing Shampoo Adds body to limp hair Moisturizing Shampoo For dry hair. Keeps spilt ends in check. Revitalizing Shampoo Made for colour treated, chemically processed, damaged hair Anti-Dandruff Shampoo Contains medication that rinses away those flakes 2 n 1 Shampoo Combination of shampoo and conditioner PRICE Connecting a reasonable and precise sticker to your items and administrations might be an unpredictable adjusting of careful control. It might as well shock no one that numerous entrepreneurs have a progressing battle with setting their evaluating systems. Some use unseemly methodologies, for instance, endeavoring to dependably be the most minimal estimated player in the business sector, while others neglect to change their methodology to profit by business changes. The Importance of Accurate Pricing Clients need the best esteem for their cash, and consequently they will just about dependably do a quality examination and make buys dependent upon the  best cost for the best esteem. To show, put yourself in your client’s position. Assume you go into an office-supply store to purchase a ream of paper for your printer, and you find that there are many choices to browse. Conducting Market Research Statistical surveying is obliged when you propose to increase an aggressive point of interest through estimating. You’ll need to utilize exploration to figure out what contenders are charging for items or administrations like yours and survey how your offerings measure up as far as quality contrasted with those contenders. Knowing this will help you figure out a reasonable cost. DISTRIBUTION OBJECTIVES A company’s conveyance targets will eventually be exceedingly related—some will upgrade one another while others will contend. for instance, as we have examined, more selective and higher administration conveyance will for the most part involve less force and lesser range. Narrow vs. wide reach: The degree to which a firm may as well look for tight (select) vs. wide (extreme) appropriation hinges on upon various components. One issue is the purchaser’s probability of exchanging and eagerness to pursuit. Retailers included in a more restrictive dispersion game plan are liable to be more â€Å"devoted†Ã¢â‚¬â€i.e., they will have a tendency to Suggest the item to the client and subsequently offer expansive amounts; – Convey bigger inventories and choices; – Give more administrations PROMOTION DIRECT MARKETING We think about immediate advertising promptly in the term as a â€Å"differentiation† circumstance against which later channels might be analyzed. when all is said in done, you can’t spare cash by â€Å"dispensing with the mediator† on the grounds that delegates represent considerable authority in performing certain undertakings that they can perform more efficiently than the maker. Mediators perform errands, for example, – Moving the merchandise productively – Breaking mass – Combining products – Including administrations Internet Marketing (Electronic Commerce) Genuine offers of items e.g., Amazon.com. Promotion/advertising: Clients might be viably focused much of the time in light of the setting that they, themselves, have searched out. Client administration: The site may hold data for the individuals who no more have their manuals convenient and, for electronic items, give redesigned drivers and programming patches. Statistical surveying: Information might be gathered generally cheaply on the Net. Public Relations Our company have to have a consistent communication with clients, representatives and diverse stakeholders. This adjusting of connection is carried out by people in general connection office. The significant capacity of general society connection office is to handle press discharges, help item reputation, make and uphold the corporate picture, handle matters with officials, guide administration concerning open issues. Himalaya shampoos have to be taking a gander at approaches to merge with capacities of advertising and open connection in showcasing open connection. The immediate obligation of showcasing open connection (MPR) is to help corporate and item marking exercises. ACTION PLAN step 1 Behaviour statistical surveying. Take in who is utilizing the item, who will purchase it and to whom would it say it is helpful? Step 2 Examine the rivalry. Assess how your item varies or contrasts with current item offerings and figure out the routes in which your product/company outperforms. Distinguish the explanations clients buy somewhere else and the ways that you can lure them to buy your new item. Related Perusing: Gourmet Nourishment Items Showcasing Arrangements Step 3 Figure out your advertising procedure and test it with center aggregations to  figure out their reaction to your advancements. Best item starts include promoting of numerous sorts. Online advancements, radio/television spots, and email sales can all lead a guest to your site to take in more about the new item and other item offerings. Step 4 Make an advertising system. Thoughts incorporate permitting the press to survey your item, composition articles to send to open media, giving questions, and holding a launch occasion. The more chances you need to present your item to the target advertise, the more individuals will know the item and get intrigued by obtaining it. Step 5 Assess the availability of the launch to determine the in general timing is composed and the item is totally primed when it is declared. Step 6 Make a timetable in the advertising arrange and catch up normally to guarantee that everybody included is on calendar. Step 7 Train your client administration branch completely so workers can successfully offer the item. The moment the item is accessible for buy, your deals staff ought to be completely educated about the item and primed to offer it. MARKETING BUDGET Assuming that you are not certain what particular objectives you might want to set (for instance, what number of prospects you require), the best system is to begin in view of the finish: Figure out aggregate income: Settle on the measure of income you might want to gain for that discharge time span. Audit your income projections for the year, and figure out what amount you could ascribe to this discharge. Figure the amount of clients obliged: Partition your normal income by the normal deal quality to ascertain the amount of clients you have to sign. Comprehend your deals win proportion: Utilizing past bargains, apply what number of prospects you might need to attain the amount of clients needed. When you don’t have that number, a sensible â€Å"win rate† is give or take 1 in 5 (20%). This will provide for them you the amount of prospects you will get MARKETING BUDGET there are general guidelines, however there are additionally various weakening variables for each one organization to think about. The measure a  business might as well plan changes dependent upon its residency in the commercial centre on promoting secured items, yet numerous purchaser items organizations use 50 percent or a greater amount of their net income on starting new offerings. Using the general rules of thumb, calculate your company’s ideal marketing budget below: Total Revenue x 5% = Marketing budget required to maintain current awareness and visibility Total Revenue x 10% = Marketing budget required to grow and gain market share CONTROLS & CONTIGENCIES A promoting emergency arrangement can help a little business secure income, productivity and client relationships by planning for startling occasions. The sudden entry of an effective new contender, an issue in your store network, the abdication of a paramount deals delegate, an infection assault on your site or the revelation of a significant item abscond can have genuine outcomes. When you have an emergency arrangement set up, you can react rapidly to changes and secure your organization against the danger of business and budgetary harm. – Awareness – Monitor – Response – Manage CONCLUSION With the development in the improved markets approaching immersion, purchaser bundled products organizations started looking to advancing and rising markets for future development. Worldwide Himalaya Herbal Company one of the organizations that had a vicinity in a few rising markets incorporating India, where it worked through its subsidiary. The case concentrates on Himalaya’s technique for developing two adult brands with mass claim of their herbal shampoo range, by focusing on new sections in creative ways. REFERANCES external environmental factors. (n.d.). Retrieved 2 3, 2014, from dineshbakshi.com: http://www.dineshbakshi.com/igcse-business-studies/external-environment/revis

Capitalism and Slavery essays

Capitalism and Slavery essays The book Capitalism and Slavery, by Eric Williams, is a very informative but emotionally binding book. Throughout the book my emotions are mixed and my views of the truth about the middle passage and the triangular trade are slanted. I am forced to create my own conclusions about the dynamics relating capitalism and slavery. When one thinks of slavery, only the most cruel and harsh thoughts come up. Pages 13-17 show the grim truth about how the slaves had to live and serve. (pg. 16) The status of these servants became progressively worse in the plantation colonies. Servitude, originally a free personal relation...(now) a control... over the bodies. It is disgusting how the treatment of the slaves becomes even worse over time. The type of treatment to where they are being traded and living on these huge boats so tightly packed with only a small place to lay and rest and hardly any food. Why couldnt they be treated better, be compensated with food, comfort, religion, family? (pg. 19) Kidnapping in Africa encountered no such difficulties as were encountered in England. This argument makes me sick; kidnapping the African people and transporting them for somewhat free labor (except feeding, fuel for ships, and equipment.) No matter where in the world, events like this cannot happen because it is cruel to the future of a race, the current people of the race, and the humanity of the people. Here, then, is the origin of Negro slavery. The reason was economic, not racial; it had to do not with the color of the laborer, but the cheapness of the laborer. Again, it was nothing personal, but it did end up bringing the Industrial Revolution which then abolished slavery. I still feel it was wrong to enslave a large part of the African race solely to advance in Industry. The introduction to Chapter Two discusses monopoly and how many merchants missed out on a free trade syste...

Mary White Rowlandson

Mary White Rowlandson Known for:  Indian captivity narrative published 1682 Dates: 1637? - January 1710/11 Also known as: Mary White, Mary Rowlandson About Mary White Rowlandson Mary White was probably born in England to parents who immigrated in 1639. Her father was, at his death, wealthier than any of his neighbors in Lancaster, Massachusetts. She married Joseph Rowlandson in 1656; he was ordained as a Puritan minister in 1660. They had four children, one of whom died as an infant. In 1676, near the end of King Philips War, a group of Nipmunk and Narragansett Indians attacked Lancaster, burned the town and captured many of the settlers. Rev. Joseph Rowlandson was on his way to Boston at the time, to raise troops to protect Lancaster. Mary Rowlandson and her three children were among them. Sarah, 6, died in captivity of her wounds. Rowlandson used her skill in sewing and knitting so she was useful while the Indians moved around in Massachusetts and New Hampshire to elude capture by the colonists. She met with the Wampanoag chief, Metacom, who had been named King Philip by the settlers. Three months after the capture, Mary Rowlandson was ransomed for  £20. She was returned at Princeton, Massachusetts, on May 2, 1676. Her two surviving children were released soon after. Their home had been destroyed in the attack, so the Rowlandson family reunited in Boston. Joseph Rowlandson was called to a congregation in Wethersfield, Connecticut, in 1677. In 1678, he preached a sermon about his wifes captivity, A Sermon of the Possibility of Gods Forsaking a People that have been near and dear to him. Three days later, Joseph died suddenly. The sermon was included with early editions of Mary Rowlandsons captivity narrative. Rowlandson married Captain Samuel Talcott in 1679, but no later details of her life are known except some court testimony in 1707, her husbands death in 1691, and her own death in 1710/11. The Book Her book was written to retell the details of Mary Rowlandsons captivity and rescue in the context of religious faith. The book was originally titled The Soveraignty Goodness of God, Together with the Faithfulness of His Promises Displayed; Being a Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, Commended by her to all that Desire to Know the Lords Doings to, and Dealings with Her. Especially to her Dear Children and Relations. The English edition (also 1682) was retitled A True History of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, A Ministers Wife in New-England: Wherein is set forth, The Cruel and Inhumane Usage she underwent amongst the Heathens for Eleven Weeks time: And her Deliverance from them. Written by her own Hand, for her Private Use: and now made public at the earnest Desire of some Friends, for the Benefit of the Afflicted. The English title emphasized the capture; the American title emphasized her religious faith. The book became an immediate best-seller and went through many editions. It is widely read today as a literary classic, the first of what became a trend of captivity narratives where white women, captured by Indians, survived overwhelming odds. Details (and assumptions and stereotypes) about the life of women among the Puritan settlers and in the Indian community are valuable to historians. Despite the overall emphasis (and title, in England) stressing cruel and inhumane usage... amongst the heathens, the book is also notable for conveying an understanding of the captors as individuals who suffered and faced tough decisions as human beings with some sympathy towards their captives (one gives her a captured Bible, for example). But beyond being a story of human lives, the book is also a Calvinist religious treatise, showing the Indians as instruments of God sent to be a scourge to the whole Land. Bibliography These books may be helpful for more information on Mary White Rowlandson and on Indian captivity narratives in general. Christopher Castiglia.  Bound and Determined: Captivity, Culture-Crossing and White Womanhood. University of Chicago, 1996.Kathryn and James Derounian and Arthur Levernier.  Indian Captivity Narrative, 1550-1900. Twayne, 1993.Kathryn Derounian-Stodola, editor.  Womens Indian Captivity Narratives.  Penguin, 1998.Frederick Drimmer (editor).  Captured by the Indians: 15 Firsthand Accounts, 1750-1870.  Dover, 1985.Gary L. Ebersole.  Captured By Texts: Puritan to Postmodern Images of Indian Captivity.  Virginia, 1995.Rebecca Blevins Faery.  Cartographies of Desire: Captivity, Race, and Sex in the Shaping University of Oklahoma, 1999.on an American Nation.June Namias.  White Captives: Gender and Ethnicity on the American Frontier.  University of North Carolina, 1993.Mary Ann Samyn.  Captivity Narrative.  Ohio State University, 1999.Gordon M. Sayre, Olaudah Equiano and Paul Lauter, editors.  American Captivity Narratives. D C Heath, 2000.Pauline Turner Strong.  Captive Selves, Captivating Others.  Westview Press, 2000.

Writing an Inquiry Response Business Letter

Writing an Inquiry Response Business Letter This guide to responding to inquiry letters is written especially for English language learners. It covers standard structure and phrases used in responses. Inquiries arrive in order to ask for more information about a product or a service. The speed with which you reply, as well as how helpful you are in providing information requested will ensure that your inquiry response is successful. It is very important to make a good impression when responding to inquiries from potential customers. Of course, the best impression will be made by providing the materials or information that the prospective client has asked for, this positive impression will be improved by a well-written response. Business Letter Basics The  basics of business letter writing  are similar for each type of business letter. Remember to place your or your companys address at the top of the letter (or use your companys letterhead), followed by the address of the company you are writing to. The date can either be placed double spaced down or to the right. You can also include a reference number for correspondence. For further types of business letters, use this guide to different types of business letters to refine your skills for specific business purposes such as making inquiries, adjusting claims, writing cover letters, and more. Important Language to Remember The StartDear Mr, Ms (Mrs, Miss- its very important to use Ms for women unless asked to use Mrs or Miss)Thanking the Potential Customer for His/Her InterestThank you for your letter of... inquiring (asking for information) about...We would like to thank you for your letter of... inquiring (asking for information) about...Providing Requested MaterialsWe are pleased to enclose...Enclosed you will find...We enclose...Providing Additional InformationWe would also like to inform you...Regarding your question about...In answer to your question (inquiry) about...Closing a Letter Hoping for Future BusinessWe look forward to... hearing from you / receiving your order / welcoming you as our client (customer).SignatureYours sincerely (remember use Yours faithfully when you dont know the name of the person you are writing and Yours sincerely when you do. Example Jackson Brothers3487 23rd StreetNew York, NY 12009Kenneth BeareAdministrative DirectorEnglish Learners Company2520 Visita AvenueOlympia, WA 98501September 12, 2000Dear Mr. BeareThank you for your inquiry of 12 September asking for the latest edition of our catalog.We are pleased to enclose our latest brochure. We would also like to inform you that it is possible to make purchases online at jacksonbros.com.We look forward to welcoming you as our customer.Yours sincerely(Signature)Dennis JacksonMarketing DirectorJackson Brothers

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example Therefore, for an entrepreneur to succeed in combining innovations to revolutionize the patterns of production, he has to carry out new combinations in productions, through a process that requires a work force. In addition, entrepreneurs require professional management skills, since their obsession becomes a liability in managing the growth of a business. 2. On the other hand, feasibility analysis before venturing in a business is necessary, since the analysis enables an entrepreneur to understand the business process and identify the factors that will facilitate success s of the business venture. Therefore, venturing in to a business without conducting a feasibility test can lead to an over estimation or underestimation of factors that will facilitate the continuation of the business. For example, an entrepreneur may have an idea of starting a business, which requires acquisition of a certain machine for production. If the entrepreneur fails to conduct a technical feasibility analysis, a technical problem on the machine can cause a downfall of the business. Therefore, if the entrepreneur had decided to conduct a technical feasibility analysis, he would have had the chance of identifying availability of technical expertise to correct the problem if it occurs, hence sustaining productivity in the Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2 Entrepreneurship - Essay Example on creating positive outcome for new products and services as well as in the operational processes of that particular business or start up that engages in it. The managerial processes, the market segment and the organizational structure of the business may also experience the positive impact of innovation when it is clearly and properly implemented and integrated into the business. Different businesses and startup companies engage in innovation for different reasons. The ultimate goal of innovation is to improve the businesses (Lee et al., 2000). The changes that are associated with innovation are intended to improve the efficiency, profitability and the viability of that particular business. There are several aspects of a business that are known to benefit from innovation both in an existing businesses or a new entrepreneurial start up. Some of these aspects and areas include finance, research and development, sales, human resources and marketing. Acs and Szerb (2009) state that innovation does not need to be new or revolutionary for it to be of benefit to the business or entrepreneurial start up. The aim of this paper is to explore the role that is played by innovation in entrepreneurial startups and in the growth of businesses. This is done through a reviewed of existing literature in peer reviewed journals. In order to unravel and explore the role of innovation in entrepreneurial startups and in the growth of businesses, this paper relies on secondary data that exist in journals. To explore and understand how innovation impacts on entrepreneurial startups and the role that it plays in the growth of existing businesses, the paper will use peer reviewed journals. The journals that will be used in this paper are those that deal with innovation, entrepreneurship and growth of businesses. In selecting the journals to be used in the paper, an analysis of various journals that deal with the topic was done. After this, the journals that contain data and information

Read the requirement carefully Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Read the requirement carefully - Essay Example An increased number of public as well as private sector firms in the period of 1980s started the utilization of teams for task completion. Soon after a decade, this trend spread rapidly as small manufacturing enterprises started developing effective and strong managerial and production teams in order to yield better performance and enhanced job satisfaction. It appears that the usage of teams has disseminated to the extent that now the mechanistic and bureaucratic organizational designs have become an exception instead of being a norm. This paper attempts to explore the impact of deployment of teams rather than individual employees for organizational task accomplishments over the organizational success. Moreover, the factors that may hinder in the effective performance of a team will be assessed as well as the ways to overcome such issues will be sorted (Maxwell, 2002). Team Defined A team may be defined in terms of work groups that are appointed with the accomplishment of a performa nce job that necessitates joint cooperation. Thus teams are distinguished from other group types as it emphasized collective performance instead of focusing on individual learning outcomes that may be acquired while working in groups (Ryan, 2012). Levels of a team In order to accomplish desired level of performance, teams are assessed at various levels. These are individual member level, issue or content level, psychological or interaction level, procedure or method level and the outside relation level. Individual member level is an affair of individual perceptions, personalities, ideas and concepts, emotions, behaviours and intentions. Content level focuses on the content of the task undertaken by the team; the psychological level focuses on the mutual group members’ attitudes as well as the state of affair between them, roles, behaviour pattern as well as the observed climate. Method level ails problem solving techniques such as decision methodologies, rules or regulations within team analysis and creativity skills. The outside group relations deals with the relations or contacts as well as information cultivated with the other members of organization taking into consideration the deputizing rules (Harvey, Millett & Smith, 1998). Relevancy of Teams in an Organization Teams are relevant to organizations in various situations such as when competing organizations are utilizing teams, when organization is required to be flattened, when improving quality is the main focus of organization, when teams are needed or desired by employees, when in order to provide quick response to organization flexibility is needed and when the tasks needed to be completed require diverse knowledge and skills (Guzzo & Dickson, 1996). Working in a collaborative manner as team now proves to be catalyst that accelerates the process of realization of the complete potential of an organization. So being such a driver for growth, progress and development in the organization, the proc ess of team building is strategically imperative. Developing teamwork is based upon facilitating a dedication to working together on the objectives of the company and adjusting the opportunity and circumstances for employees to bestow their best (Katzenbach & Smith, 1993). But in order to efficiently perform the team must be developed keeping into considera

Financial Reporting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Reporting - Case Study Example In a brief history of the cases, Enron, On October 16, 2001 Enron declared to SEC a net loss of $ 618 million for the third quarter effectively reducing share holder equity by $ 1.2 billion. SEC opened enquiry the very next day and called for details from Enron officials who in turn notified their Auditor Arthur Andersen. Pursuant to this, Andersen had his team destroy Enron-related documents. As a result, Enron, Andersen and his lead partner Duncan were convicted of obstruction of justice. Enron's Chief Financial officer faced indictment on 98 counts of fraud and related offences. Besides Enron is now bankrupt, and civil and criminal investigations continue to examine Enron's complex accounting practices and byzantine financial schemes. (Brickey) Close on the heels of Enron episode, WorldCom's fraud surfaced dwarfing the former. Both the cases involved accounting frauds with the companies managements' sole aim of keeping the share prices higher in spite of huge losses which they covered by manipulation of accounts. But for the whistle blowers from both the corporations, the frauds would not have come to light though bubble would have ultimately burst by the operation of economics. But more money would have been swindled, more would have fled the scene had it not been for the whistle blowers who had little protection prior to Sarbanes -Oxley enactment. Sherron Watkins, a Vice-President at Enron who discovered accounting fraud disclosed it to its Chairman Ken Lay in five memos detailing Enron's off-book partnerships, special purpose entities and urged him to disclose a ccounting irregularities. Though he agreed to engage a law firm to conduct preliminary investigation, he appointed the firm of Vinson & Elkins in spite of Watkins' advice not to engage them as they were also party to structure some of the questionable deals. And the law firm not surprisingly gave clean chit to the questioned transactions. Watkins preferred to depose before congressional hearings probing the Enron's affairs. Similarly Cynthia Cooper, Vice-President, Internal Auditing, WorldCom exposed a larger accounting in her corporation when she came to know of a sample fraudulent transfer of $ 400 million from Reserve account to inflate the corporation's earnings. Here again Arthur Anderson was the Auditor for the corporation. While he tried to convince her by insisting no abnormality, the CFO Scot Sullivan literally tried to silence her. (Ripley Amanda) She therefore independently conducted inspection of account books and found that the management had capitalised operating expen ditures and converted a $662 million loss into a fictitious $2.4 billion profit.CFO Sullivan learnt of her attempts to unearth such manipulations and warned of her dismissal if she did not stop. "After going to the audit committee, she and her audit team remained hopeful that they could find something they might have missed that would explain the unorthodox accounting. But Cooper's hopes were dashed when she confronted WorldCom Controller David Meyers, who conceded that the entries could not be justified. " (Brickey) The charges against Andersen were that he had knowledge of accounting irregularities at Enron, and fraud relating special purpose entities used by Enron, that he hired an out-side law firm in anticipation of

Wal-Mart Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wal-Mart - Case Study Example (Wal-Mart) Currently, Wal-Mart operates worldwide through the Wal-Mart Stores, Sam's Club franchises, and International. Wal-Mart offers everything starting from necessities such as food, clothing, health, beauty and household items, cleaning products, electronics and others. Wal-Mart currently operates almost 4,000 stores in the U.S., and more than 2,700 stores outside the United States. Wal-Mart has been an attractive target for lawsuits for so long. The company's policy about this has been to admit their fault and settle the claim, otherwise take the matter to court. This practice of Wal-Mart's has proven effective in keeping the number of lawsuits piling at bay. (Willing) The company has been growing at a remarkable pace. Wal-Mart is not content with its present stature to the effect of building and opening hundreds of new stores each year to further boost its supremacy of the United States retail industry. Wal-Mart is looking to further expansion efforts in the future. Industry experts are concerned however, at the rate that Wal-Mart is expanding. At the rate that it is expanding, the older stores are not getting much attention as the newer ones. Patrons who seek are seeking a change and a more modern feel would flock to the nearest "new" competitor. World oil prices are anothe... Patrons who seek are seeking a change and a more modern feel would flock to the nearest "new" competitor. Retail Industry Health The recent years have seen ups and downs in Wal-Mart's performance. These fluctuations are caused my many factors such as world oil prices, globalization, and others. Similar companies such as Target and Costco are also performing well although Wal-Mart remains dominant in this category. National Economic Trends The United States stock market is currently a bear market and said to be on its third leg. (The Market Oracle) When interest rates are on the rise, stock markets are expected to crash. When inflation rate is high, stock prices may decrease, in like manner, stock prices may become overpriced if inflation rate falls. World oil prices are another important factor in determining the prices of stock and the performance of a nation's economy. The skyrocketing of the prices of oil in the world market would cause prices of stocks all around the globe to plummet. The reason for this is almost all industries are dependent on oil for their operations. The United States is also very concerned about the trade deficit with China. China is fast becoming a world leader with the onset of globalization. In terms of prices, most of China's commodities and the labor market offer very competitive prices as compared to the prices of other countries. The past decade has seen the entry of more and more products and services from China. More industries are shifting or outsourcing labor services to China because of the cost-efficiency. The United States feels that the fact that China refuses to raise the value of its currency gives China an unfair advantage when it comes to trade. With more buying power

Questions wk5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Questions wk5 - Essay Example This policy would help companies to utilize local knowledge as much as possible so that the company’s business prospects in the host country can be enhanced. This policy gives more importance to host country norms. It also helps companies to reduce labour cost considerably since in most of the cases the labour cost in the host country would be lesser than that in the home country. Geocentric staffing approach is implemented in global and transnational companies. It helps companies to get the services of best personnel all the time irrespective of the country of origin of the employees. It gives lot of flexibility to the staffing policy. The major disadvantage of the ethnocentric approach is that it may produce anger and cultural conflicts in the business units in the host country. Moreover, this strategy is suitable only for international companies. The major disadvantage of polycentric staffing policy is lack of career growth and opportunities to the employees. It may also is olate the headquarter from subsidiaries. Geocentric staffing policy is highly expensive as far as implementation is concerned. Moreover, immigration policies in the host and home countries may limit the exchange of workforce. This strategy is not at all suitable for domestic firms. Link between an international business's strategy and its human resource management policies, particularly with regard to the use of expatriate employees and their pay scale The utilization of expatriate employee force is necessary for international companies to manage their business activities successfully in overseas countries. For example, it is impossible for Microsoft or Apple Inc to manage its activities in India with the help of Americans alone. Only the Indians know their market well and hence their service is vital for Microsoft or Apple to build their business strategies in India. Moreover, labour cost in India is extremely low compared to that in America. Under such circumstances, I would be su icidal for Microsoft or Apple to bring workforce from America to India to manage their business activities there. It should be noted that all the companies are currently trying to establish business units, especially manufacturing units in cheap labour oriented countries. This strategy would help such companies to stay competitive in international market. It should be noted that prominent Japanese and American companies have manufacturing units in China at present. For example majority of the Sony products are currently manufactured in China even though the origin of Sony is in Japan. While operating cross culturally, HR managers should make sure that the employees on deputation to the host country have adequate exposure to the cultural norms in the target country. HR Management of local work force is extremely different from the HR management of international or cross cultural workforce. Most of the international organizations are keen in keeping a diverse workforce. HR managers sh ould make sure that the interests of the diverse workforce never make any conflicts in the workplace. In what ways can organized labour constrain the strategic choices of an international business? How can an international business limit these constraints? â€Å"Organized labor has attempted to (i) set-up its own international

Diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Diabetes - Essay Example Additionally, it is caused because the produced insulin do not work properly commonly referred to insulin resistance. The disease is developed when the proper amount of glucose cannot enter the cells of a body to be utilized as fuel. This happen when there is limited insulin helpful in unlocking the cells or if there is no enough insulin to work in a proper manner(Matthews, 2008). Diabetes is caused by bacterial or viral infection, chemical toxins found within the food, and unidentified components that cause autoimmune reaction. The above named causes are termed as autoimmune reaction or autoimmune causes, this is because the body attack themselves. The second types of diabetes are normally multifactorial. This type of obesity is caused by living sedentary lifestyle, increasing age, poor diet, and obesity. Diabetes can also be caused by other illness and pregnancy. The symptoms of diabetes are typical. However, those with type 2 diabetes have symptoms that can go unnoticed. Some of the conventional symptoms for diabetes include urinating often, feeling thirsty, feeling hungry though you are eating, extreme fatigue and restlessness, blurry vision, bruises and cuts that are slow to heal, weight loss despite eating, and numbness, pain, tingling on hands. When detected early and treated early, can reduce the risk of complicating the disease (Stehouwer, 2009).   People with diabetes need to change their lifestyle. Normally, they need addition treatment like medication in controlling their blood pressure, blood fats, and diabetes. Medication cannot be substituted to taking regular exercise and healthy diet. Therefore, one needs to take diabetes medication, transplant of Islet cell, and use of insulin. When diabetes medication is carried out the blood glucose, level will lower and there are various different types that work in different ways. People with diabetes will medication and treatment such as insulin. Some of the

Questions wk5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Questions wk5 - Essay Example This policy would help companies to utilize local knowledge as much as possible so that the company’s business prospects in the host country can be enhanced. This policy gives more importance to host country norms. It also helps companies to reduce labour cost considerably since in most of the cases the labour cost in the host country would be lesser than that in the home country. Geocentric staffing approach is implemented in global and transnational companies. It helps companies to get the services of best personnel all the time irrespective of the country of origin of the employees. It gives lot of flexibility to the staffing policy. The major disadvantage of the ethnocentric approach is that it may produce anger and cultural conflicts in the business units in the host country. Moreover, this strategy is suitable only for international companies. The major disadvantage of polycentric staffing policy is lack of career growth and opportunities to the employees. It may also is olate the headquarter from subsidiaries. Geocentric staffing policy is highly expensive as far as implementation is concerned. Moreover, immigration policies in the host and home countries may limit the exchange of workforce. This strategy is not at all suitable for domestic firms. Link between an international business's strategy and its human resource management policies, particularly with regard to the use of expatriate employees and their pay scale The utilization of expatriate employee force is necessary for international companies to manage their business activities successfully in overseas countries. For example, it is impossible for Microsoft or Apple Inc to manage its activities in India with the help of Americans alone. Only the Indians know their market well and hence their service is vital for Microsoft or Apple to build their business strategies in India. Moreover, labour cost in India is extremely low compared to that in America. Under such circumstances, I would be su icidal for Microsoft or Apple to bring workforce from America to India to manage their business activities there. It should be noted that all the companies are currently trying to establish business units, especially manufacturing units in cheap labour oriented countries. This strategy would help such companies to stay competitive in international market. It should be noted that prominent Japanese and American companies have manufacturing units in China at present. For example majority of the Sony products are currently manufactured in China even though the origin of Sony is in Japan. While operating cross culturally, HR managers should make sure that the employees on deputation to the host country have adequate exposure to the cultural norms in the target country. HR Management of local work force is extremely different from the HR management of international or cross cultural workforce. Most of the international organizations are keen in keeping a diverse workforce. HR managers sh ould make sure that the interests of the diverse workforce never make any conflicts in the workplace. In what ways can organized labour constrain the strategic choices of an international business? How can an international business limit these constraints? â€Å"Organized labor has attempted to (i) set-up its own international

Jewish Culture Essay Example for Free

Jewish Culture Essay The first Jewish custom, Brit Milah also known as circumcision, takes places at the birth of a boy baby. It is carried out on the eighth day after the baby has been born; it is performed by a Mohel, where the baby’s foreskin of the penis is removed. The second Jewish custom is called The Naming Ceremony, which takes place on the first Sabbath that immediately follows the birth of a baby girl. This event takes place inside of a synagogue. On this day either parents or just the father is called for a blessing and a reading to the torah. The third Jewish custom is the Bat/ Bar Mitzvah, this ceremony marks and commemorates the entry of a young Jew into the Jewish adult community. This ceremony has been in practice for the last 450 years. The person concerned in the Mitzvah is required to read the Haftorah which is the portion of the Torah for the week and then give a scholarly comment or speech. Bat Mitzvah is the name of the ceremony for girls, and Bar Mitzvah is the name of the ceremony for boys. Ideal gift would include; Mezuzah cases, Charity boxes, and or Kiddush cups. The fourth Jewish custom is called a Simcha, which is also known as Marriage, and it is performed under a canopy. The fifth Jewish customs is called The Mikovaot this ceremony is a cleansing bath that is a ritual and is one of the longest standing practices in Jewish customs. This ceremony is performed to endow marriages. Orthodox Jewish women are required to dip themselves in this bathe very month after their menstruation before they resume relations of marriage with their husbands. Language: there are various Jewish languages and dialects that developed in the Jewish communities around the world. Hebrew was the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries, but by the fifth century the closely related Aramaic joined Hebrew as the spoken language in Judea. By the third century Jews of diaspora were speaking Greek and soon afterwards Hebrew was no longer used as a mother tongue. For centuries Jews worldwide spoke the local or dominant languages of the region migrated to, where they would develop distinctive dialectal forms or branching off as independent languages. Among the most widely spoken Jewish languages to develop in the diaspora are; Yiddish and Ladino. Yiddish is the Judeo- German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to central Europe. Ladino is also called Judezmo and Muestra Spanyol is the Judeo- Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who lived in the Iberian Peninsula. Religion: the Jewish religion is the monotheistic based on the belief in a single all powerful God. The Jewish doctrine is based on the Ten Commandments as spelt out in the Old Testament. The Hebrew bible had provided the foundations for Christianity. Jesus, Mary and the Apostles were all Jews and the origin of many Christian festivals, psalms and beliefs lay in Judaism. The Jews refused to convert to the new faith of Christianity which is called the New Testament, so they stubbornly maintained their separate religious beliefs and their distinct customs and laws. The Jews also have a Shabbat which takes place on the seventh day of the Jewish week and is the Jewish day for rest. Jew recall the biblical creation account in Genesis in which God creates the Heaven and Earth in six days and rests on the seventh day. Immigration trends: the Jews of Eastern Europe began to emigrate in large numbers from their homelands, beginning in the 1880’s. Between 1881 and 1914 about 2,370,000 Jews fled from poverty and oppression, especially from Trarist Russia notorious for its violent anti- Jewish mobs and pogroms. A great number of these Jews reached the United States and a small minority would establish the first modern Jewish settlements in Palestine. By 1924 the United States had placed strict limits on immigration and the number of Jews admitted was drastically decreased. Other countries soon followed suit and Jews desiring to emigrate or flee from the Nazis found themselves faced with sealed boarders throughout most of the world in the 1930’s. Foods: the Jews have a set of laws about the food they can and cannot eat, these laws are called Kashrut, and a food that is not in accordance with the Jewish law is called Treif. In the Kashrut law, there are prohibitions to consume species (such as pork and most insects), the mixtures of meat and milk, and the commandment to slaughter mammals and birds according to a process known as Shechita. Most of the basic laws of Kashrut are from the Torah’s books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy. The Torah does not state the reason for most of the Kashurt laws, but for every law that the Kashurt has each one is biblically written in the bible. Some of the Jewish favourite foods include the following; Babka which is a chocolate – filled challah (egg) bread. Bagel is another favourite Jewish food that is boiled and baked yeast bread. Bialy which similar to bagel, filled with onions and other ingredients there is also Brisket it is a raised meat from the chest area of a cow. Challah is another favourite food it is braided egg bread, Charoset is an apple and nut dish generally served at Passover. Cholent/ Chamin are a slow- cooked stew meat, potatoes, beans and barley. Another favourite dish is Chopped liver, Chrain and pickled horseradish. Farfel is small pellet- shaped egg pasta, used in dishes like kugel. Goulash is a meat stew matzaball soup, and last but not least the Jews love to drink Chicken soup on Friday and Saturday nights. Community events: the Jews have their Synagogues where they have their Jewish celebrations. The Jewish community also celebrates Passover, when the Jews celebrate Passover they are not allowed to use any electricity, and they light candles. The Hanukah is the festival of lights; they also celebrate the Rosh Hashanah which is the Jewish New Year.

Understanding the accounting cycle and importance of accounting

Understanding the accounting cycle and importance of accounting The Importance of Accounting To understand accounting information and use accounting information is important for any business. Information that is provided to external parties who have an interest in a company is sometimes referred to as financial accounting information, according to Williams, Haka, Bettner, and Carcello (2006, p. 4). The main reason in providing accounting and financial information is the use of said information in decision-making purposes. Many groups, including company management, government regulatory agencies, creditors, and suppliers, use financial information in various ways to determine a companys financial health and ability to meet obligations as such obligations become current. Companies and their personnel must understand the various steps in the accounting cycle and how such steps provide reliable information to the users of financial information. What is the Accounting Cycle? The accounting cycle is the sequence of accounting procedures used to record, classify, and summarize accounting information in financial reports at regular intervals (p. 94). The final preparation of formal financial statements is always started with the recording of business transactions and this cycle repeats so the business can prepare new, current, financial statements in response to business transactions conducted by the firm. The accounting cycle is composed of eight steps and includes journalizing transactions, posting journal entries to ledger accounts, preparing a trial balance, making end-of-the-period adjustments, preparing an adjusted trial balance, preparing financial statements, journalizing and posting closing entries, and preparing an after-closing trial balance. Remember debits increase assets while credits increase owner equity during the recording and adjustment phases of the accounting cycle. An account has only three elements: (1) a title; (2) a left side, which is called the debit side; and (3) a right side, which is called the credit side (p. 95); such accountings are called T accounts because, on paper, the recording of such accounts resembles the letter T. A sample T account is below: The account balance is determined in the difference between the debit and credit sides of the account. If the debit total is more than the credit total, the account is said to have a debit balance. If the credit total is more, then the account is said to have a credit balance. In asset accounts, the debit recording increases the amount in the asset account and a credit decreases the amount in the account. Under liability and owners equity accounts, the debit decreases the amount in the account, while a credit increases the amount in the account. This aligns with the equation and is known as the system of double-entry account. Journalizing Transactions The first step involves placing the business transactions into a journal, which records the business transactions chronologically (day-by-day). The amounts entered in this section are transferred to the debit and credit sections of the accounts in the ledger. A person investing in the firm pays $80,000 in cash in exchange for stock in the firm. The two accounts affected by this transaction are the Cash and Capital Stock. The first step in journalizing this entry is entering the name of the account debited (Cash), which is written first, along with its dollar amount entered in the left-hand money column. The name of the account credited (Capital Stock) appears below Cash and is indented to the right, with the dollar amount appearing in the right-hand money column. A description of the transaction appears below the journal entry. Below is a sample journal entry: Posting to Ledger Accounts Posting simple means updating the ledger accounts for the effects of the transactions recorded in the journal (p. 98). If the person reads the journal entry aloud, this means the previous journal entries are read as Debit Cash $80,000; credit Capital Stock, $80,000. A person copies the journal entry amounts into the general ledger, which is a series of T account entries; this is performed in the ledger as follows: This process is continued until all journal entries are record in the ledger. Once all of the ledger entries are calculated, the next step is the preparation of the trial balance. Trial Balance The trial balance is prepared to ensure debits and credits equal one another. All of the ledger accounts are listed, with debits in the left column and credits in the right column (Internet Center for Management and Business Administration, 2007). The debit column is added first, then the credit column. If the totals do not agree, the issue could be a debit was recorded instead of a credit, mistakes in arithmetic, and clerical errors in copying account balances into the trial balance. Both columns should be equal; however, this does not mean that a transaction was recorded in the wrong account. A sample trial balance is displayed below: Making End-of-period Adjustments Adjustments after the trial balance is created to record accrued, deferred, and estimated amounts and posting the adjusted entries to the ledger accounts. Once the entries are entered in the ledger, the accountant prepares the adjusted trial balance, which contains similar steps to the unadjusted trial balance; however, the adjusted trial balance contains the adjusting entries. Accrued items would include salaries, interest income, and unbilled revenue; deferred items would include prepaid insurance, office supplies, and depreciation. Preparing Financial Statements Publicly owned companies-those with shares listed on a stock exchange-have obligations to release annual and quarterly information to their stockholders and to the public (Williams, Haka, Bettner, and Carcello, 2006, p. 192). The financial statements include the income statement, the statement of retained earnings, the balance sheet, and the statement of cash flows (also known as the cash flow statement). The income statement is prepared first because it determines the amount of net income in the statement of retained earnings. The statement of retained earnings is prepared next to provide information for the balance sheet. The balance sheet is prepared from the assets, liabilities, and equity accounts of the firm. Finally, the cash flow statement is prepared using data from the other financial statements. Preparing Closing Entries to Journals and Ledger Accounts Closing journal entries closes temporary accounts such as revenues and moves these accounts to a temporary income summary account. The balance is then transferred to the retained earnings account, which is a capital account; likewise, dividend or withdrawal accounts are closed to capital. Closing entries are then posted to the ledger accounts. After these tasks the after-closing trail balance is created to ensure debits equal credits. Error-checking and correction is made to this trial balance. The Importance of the Accounting Cycle Re-visited All businesses prepare financial statements, so it is important all accountants understand the accounting cycle to ensure the proper entry of data and credible financial information out put. Eight steps comprise the accounting cycle, from the journalizing of business transactions to preparing after-closing trial balances. Without the accounting cycle, the information provided in financial statements would not be reliable and decision-making processes would be difficult to perform by users of financial information.

The Unnamed Wife in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay -- Sir Gawai

The Unnamed Wife in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight the green knight’s wife plays a pivotal role in the story. Yet, she is never given a name and it is unclear what motivates her actions. She could simply be following her husband’s orders to seduce this visiting knight. She could be under the tutelage of Morgan le Fay. Or she may be acting under her own guidance and using her sexuality to carry out her own desires or gain power. In light of this uncertainty, the unnamed wife’s role in the bedroom scene is also hard to decipher. As a woman she should be submissive, and yet it is Gawain who is forced to defend himself against her advances to which he eventually submits. The multiple readings of the wife’s role also inform the notions of Christian and pagan in the story. Female power and sexuality are aligned with the wife, Morgan le Fay and paganism, while Gawain seeks protection and chastity from Mary and Christianity. Despite the power the wife may gain from pagan traditions, she could also be perceived in a Christian, patriarchal context as a sexual object who is commanded by her husband’s authority. As a result the green knight’s wife represents the duality of Christian and pagan and its prevalence in medieval society. In the bedroom scenes the wife appears to be playing the role of a submissive woman, but is in fact using her position to dominate Gawain, who is limited by his pledge to the Green Knight. The wife tells Gawain, â€Å"My body is here at hand, Your each wish to fulfill; Your servant to command I am, and shall be still.† Here the wife is literally submitting her body to Gawain to use as he desires. Yet, she is making this proposition in order to entice him to... ...ere her true allegiance lies. On the other hand, her position in this story provides insight into medieval society. Her antics with Gawain in the bedroom scenes reveal that her position as lady of the house is superior to Gawain’s as a knight. This situation further illuminates medieval gender roles especially when examining the lady’s relationship with her husband. Even if he may use her as a sexual pawn, she is able to assert herself thought the tactics she uses to persuade Gawain to break his oath. She is also intrinsically linked with Morgan le Fay and pagan traditions. This bond is balanced by Gawain’s connection with Mary as a figure for guidance. The wife’s position in this story epitomizes the dualities of medieval society. The conflicting social and gender roles and Christian and pagan traditions are somehow able to operate in this complex society.

Confessions in the Ovids Metamorphoses Essay -- Ovid Metamorphoses Es

Confessions in the Ovid's Metamorphoses      Ã‚  Ã‚   Byblis and Myrrha, two of Ovid's impassioned, transgressive heroines, confess incestuous passions. Byblis yearns for her brother, Caunus, and Myrrha lusts for her father, Cinyras. Mandelbaum translates these tales effectively, but sometimes a different translation by Crane brings new meaning to an argument. As Byblis and Myrrha realize the feelings at hand, they weigh the pros and cons of such emotions. Despite the appalling relationships in question, each young girl provides concrete support and speaks in such a way that provokes pity for her plight. Their paths of reasoning coincide, but Byblis starts where Myrrha's ends, and visa versa; Myrrha begins where Byblis' concludes. The language used by Byblis and Myrrha arouses sympathy. Right away, Byblis exclaims, "What misery is mine!" to draw attention to her suffering (Mandelbaum 308). Later, she discusses her "grief" caused by the "evil fate" that makes Caunus her brother (308-9). Myrrha points out her "misfortune" in having not been born to those tribes that would allow her to fulfill her desires. Instead she is "forlorn- denied the very man for whom [she longs]" (339). In Crane's translation, Myrrha considers herself "most depraved" (on-line). All of these revelations compel readers to feel sorry for the girls in their situations; they seem to be victims of their desires. Byblis and Myrrha both denounce their passions. After Byblis awakes from dreaming intimately about her brother, she claims she would never want to see this scene in daylight (Mandelbaum 308). Later in her speech, she refers to her incestuous pursuit as a "forbidden course" and to her burning desires as "obscene, foul fires" (309). According to Cran... ...irl's speech draws further pity. Aside from all the similarities, each girl travels a different path in her mind. Readers feel more compassion for Myrrha and less for Byblis based on the paths they have followed. Ironically, Myrrha becomes the one who acts out her desires. As a result, she is metamorphosed into a Myrrh tree; in this form she will not contaminate the dead or the living with her foul actions. Regardless of Byblis' drive to build a relationship with her brother, she is denied the passion she seeks. She grieves over her loss profusely, so she becomes a fountain, never-ending in its flow. Works Cited Mandelbaum, Allen, trans. The Metamorphoses of Ovid. By Ovid. San Diego: Harcourt Brace & company, 1993. Crane, Gregory, ed. Perseus Project. 1995. Tufts University. 6 Oct. 1999 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/text?lookup=ov.+met.+init>

Environmental Risk Assessment Of Pipelines Environmental Sciences Essay

The aims of this survey are to analyze the function of ESI for hiting the hazards posed by grapevines to the environment every bit good as to bespeak the hazard tonss in location-based maps. A comparative semi-quantitative attack based on land utilizations and High-Value Areas ( HVAs ) was carried out. A geographical information system ( GIS ) as a tool was employed to make fresh maps related to environmental hazards utilizing rational mathematical equations. The chief logic for utilizing the equations was the distance-based attacks and ESI every bit good as intersections. A hazard geographical map based on the ESIs and concluding hazard mark ( FRS ) is presented with consequences demoing that the most sensitive and bad country is an country comprised of Rhizophora mangle forested flora located in the grapevine locality. It is shown that mapping the hazards of grapevines with the applied method is of more dependability and convenience every bit good as comparative fullness in compari ng to show non-holistic methods for measuring the environmental hazards of grapevines. Hazard is the badness of the effects of a risky activity sing its chance of happening ( Jafari et al. , 2010a, B, degree Celsius, vitamin D ) . Pipeline failures can potentially do terrible amendss. Environmental hazard appraisal ( ERA ) involves the scrutiny of hazards ensuing from natural events ( deluging, utmost conditions events, etc. ) , engineering, patterns, procedures, merchandises, agents ( chemical, biological, radiological, etc. ) and industrial activities that may present menaces to ecosystems, animate beings and people ( Belluck and Sally, 2001 ; Anonymous, 2004 ) . Hazard directors may make up one's mind, for illustration, that estimated hazards are acceptable, and no action is required, or that hazards are excessively high and require redress, extenuation, ordinance, decrease, or prohibition ( Belluck and Sally, 2001 ) .1.2. Environmental sensitiveness index ( ESI )Environmental Sensitivity Indices ( ESI ) composed of many field-data is indispensable for monitoring an d control systems ( Schiller et al. , 2005 ) . Mok Kang ( 2002 ) has carried out a sensitiveness analysis of the Korean composite environmental index ( CEI ) by analyzing the CEIs computed by functional signifiers and those derived from sentiment studies, with a particular accent on the appraisal of weights of environmental indexs and subjects: the CEIs are based on environmental subjects and force per unit area indexs. NOAAaa‚ ¬a„?s ( National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ) Environmental Sensitivity Index ( ESI ) attack consistently compiles information in standard formats for coastal shoreline sensitiveness, biological resources, and human-use resources. ESI maps are utile for placing 47 sensitive resources before a spill occurs so that protection precedences can be established and cleanup schemes designed in progress. Using ESIs in spill response reduces environmental effects of the spill and killing attempts ( NOAA, 2008a ) . Environmental Sensitivity Ind ex ( ESI ) maps have been an built-in constituent of oil-spill eventuality planning and response since 1979, when the first ESI maps were prepared yearss in progress of the reaching of the oil slipperinesss from the IXTOC 1 good blowout in the Gulf of Mexico. Since that clip, ESI Atlass have been prepared for most of the U.S. shoreline, including Alaska and the Great Lakes Before 1989, traditional sensitiveness maps were produced as colour paper maps, with limited distribution ( because of the cost of reproduction ) , and without a agency for ready updating. However, since 1989, ESI Atlass have been generated from digital databases utilizing Geographic Information System ( GIS ) techniques. As the oil-spill response community moves towards development of machine-controlled sensitiveness maps, it is of import to specify what comprises the ESI function system and how this information is being developed and distributed utilizing GIS engineering ( NOAA, 2008b ) .1.3. ESI in grapevine ha zard appraisalFor the initial stages of hazard direction, a rigorous definition of environmentally sensitive countries might non be perfectly necessary. A working definition by which most people would acknowledge a sensitive country might do. Such a on the job definition would necessitate to turn to rare works and animate being home grounds, delicate ecosystems, impacts on biodiversity, and state of affairss where conditions are preponderantly in a natural province, undisturbed by adult male. To more to the full distinguish sensitive countries, the definition should besides turn to the ability of such countries to absorb or retrieve from taint episodes ( Muhlbauer, 2004 ) . In the United States, a definition for high environmental sensitiveness includes intake locations for 70 community H2O systems, wetlands, riverine or estuarial systems, national and province Parkss or woods, wilderness and natural countries, wildlife saving countries and safeties, preservation countries, preceden ce natural heritage countries, wild and scenic rivers, land trust countries designated critical home ground for threatened or endangered species and federal and province lands that are research natural countries ( Stansbeny, 1995 ) . These country labels fit specific definitions in the US regulative universe. In other states, similar countries, possibly labeled otherwise, will no uncertainty be ( Muhlbauer, 2004 ) , as it is so for Iran with more focal point on IUCN classs of protected countries. Shorelines can be particularly sensitive to grapevine spills. Specifically for oil spills, a superior system for impact to shore-line home grounds has been developed for estuarian, lacustrine, and riverian parts ( NOAA, 1994 ) . As an illustration of an appraisal 80 attack, an rating of a gasolene grapevine in the United Kingdom identified, weighted, and scored several critical factors for each grapevine section. The environmental evaluation factors that were portion of the hazard appraisal included ( Muhlbauer, 2004 ) : Land screen type ; Distance to nearest lasting surface H2O ; Required surface H2O quality to prolong current land usage ; Conservation value ; Habitat preserves ; Habitats with longer lived biology ( forests, vineries, groves, gardens ) ; Slope ; Groundwater ; Rock type and likeliness of aquifer ; permeableness and deepness to bedrock every bit good as distance to groundwater extraction points. This appraisal included consideration of costs and troubles associated with reacting to a leak event. Points were assigned for each feature and so grouped into qualitative forms ( low, moderate, high, really high ) ( Morgan, 1995 ) . Schiller et al. , ( 2005 ) presented an algorithm which emulates human expert-decisions on the categorization of sensitiveness categories. This will allow the necessary regular updates of ESI-determination when new field informations become available utilizing automated 92 categorizations processs. Showing a survey on sensitiveness analysis, Hadid and Afra ( 2000 ) carried out a numerical sensitiveness analysis of the site 93 consequence on dynamic response of grapevines embedded in some idealised dirt sedimentations resting on a half infinite covering a broad scope of dirt profiles encountered in pattern and subjected to vertically propagating shear moving ridges. A paper described how HSE has piloted a Geographic Information System ( GIS ) by Brazier and Greenwood ( 1998 ) . To back up the adept determination doing procedure and to help in guaranting consistent responses within statutory deadlines. It considers both the advantages and disadvantages of a GIS over more conventional methods every bit good as possible developments such as the usage of population informations in sing social hazards, biological restraints and 3D terrain function.1.4. Equivalencies of receptorsA trouble in all hazard appraisals is the finding of a harm province on which to establish frequency-of-occurrence estimations. This is far ther complicated by the normal presence of several types of receptors, each with different exposures to a menace such as thermic radiation or taint. The overall trouble is sometimes addressed by running several hazard appraisals in analogue, each matching to a certain receptor or receptor-damage province. In this attack, separate hazard values would be generated for, as an illustration, human deaths, hurts, groundwater taint, belongings harm values, etc. The advantage of this attack is in gauging absolute hazard values. The disadvantage is the extra complexness in mold and subsequent determination devising. Another attack is to allow any particular exposure of any threatened receptor govern the hazard appraisal. There is a protocol for grouping assorted receptor impacts into three sensitiveness countries: normal, sensitive, and allergic. This was developed to execute an environmental appraisal ( EA ) of a proposed gasolene grapevine. Under this classification, an country was judged to be sensitive or allergic if any 116 one of the receptors is defined to be sensitive or allergic. This conservatively uses the worst instance component, but does non see cumulative effectsaa‚ ¬ † when multiple sensitive or allergic elements are present. A 3rd option in uniting assorted receptor types into a hazard appraisal is to set up equivalencies among the receptors: This attack might be more controversial because judgements are made that straight value certain types of receptor amendss more than others. Note, nevertheless, that the other attacks are besides faced with such judgements although they might be pushed to the determination stage instead than the assessment stage of hazard direction. This attack presents another possible marking strategy for some environmental issues and HVAs. In this strategy, the higher tonss represent higher effects. This establishes some equivalencies among assorted environmental and other receptors, including population denseness ( Muhlbauer, 2004 ) .